Infinitive with Zu (Infinitiv mit zu)

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What are Infinitive Clauses? (Infinitivsätze)

Infinitive phrases (Infinitivsätze) contain a verb in infinitive form (not conjugated) along with the word „zu“  ⇒ infinitive with zu.

Infinitive clauses are Subordinate Clauses and don't have their own subject. Instead, they use the subject from the Main Clause.

How to Use Infinitiv mit Zu

We use infinitive with zu when the verb in the main clause is directly related to the verb in the subordinate clause and the subject of the subordinate clause is obvious.

  • „Ich versuche, das Tor zu treffen.“ 

„Versuchen“ is directly related to „treffen“. Also, it's clear that we are talking about me scoring.

When Do We Use Infinitiv mit Zu?

After specific verbs:

  • „Ich schlage vor, heute Abend ins Kino zu gehen.
    ⇒ Ich schlage eine Handlung vor: „gehen“ ⇒ zu + infinitive

You could also express it with a dass-Satz:

  • „Ich schlage vor, dass wir heute Abend ins Kino gehen.“

We can only use infinitive with zu when the subject in the subordinate clause isn't important or it's obvious from the context.

When the subject has to be mentioned, we can‘t use infinitive with zu:

  • Ich hoffe, dass er bald perfekt Deutsch spricht.“
  • Ich hoffe, dass ich bald perfekt Deutsch spreche.“

Because there is no subject in an infinitive clause, it only works when the subject in the infinitive clause is identical to the subject, the accusative object, or the dative object in the main clause.

  • Ich hoffe, bald perfekt Deutsch zu sprechen.“

If I want to express that somebody else will speak perfect German soon, I can not use infinitive with zu. The subject is not the same, and in this case it isn’t obvious either.

Examples with identical accusative or dative objects:

The accusative object is identical to the subject in the subordinate clause:

  • dass: Der Kellner bittet den Mann, dass er draußen raucht.
  • inf.: Der Kellner bittet den Mann, draußen zu rauchen.

The dative object is identical to the subject in the subordinate clause:

  • dass: Der Kellner verbietet dem Mann, dass er im Restaurant raucht.
  • inf.: Der Kellner verbietet dem Mann, im Restaurant zu rauchen.

Remember:

If the subject, the accusative object or the dative object are identical with the subject in the „dass-clauses“, the „Infinitiv mit zu“ can (and should) be used. The Infinitive Clauses usually sound better, because they are shorter and less complicated!

Infinitive Construction

The infinitive with zu can also be used independently of the verb in the main clause. But for this you need the so-called infinitive constructions: „um... zu...“, „ohne... zu...“ or „anstatt... zu...“ 

In this case a conjunction is connected to the infinitive with zu, without the verb in the subordinate clause / infinitive clause having to have a direct reference to the verb in the main clause. ( = Condition for the normal Infnitiv mit zu.)

There are three different Infinitive Constructions:

  • „um... zu...“  - „Ich lerne jeden Tag, um am Montag die Deutschprüfung zu bestehen.
  • „ohne... zu...“ - „Ich habe die Prüfung bestanden, ohne auch nur einen Tag zu lernen.“
  • „anstatt/statt... zu...“ - „Er bleibt zu Hause, anstatt mit seinen Freunden an den Strand zu fahren. “

Recommendation: Infinitive Constructions

I've made a separate lesson on Infinitive Constructions, where I explain exactly what each one means, when you must or can use it. You can find all the information in the lesson: Infinitive Constructions

Verbs that Use Infinitiv mit Zu

All verbs that have a „dass-clause complement:

  • aufhören, stoppen, beginnen, anfangen, verbieten, vergessen, versprechen, versuchen, vorhaben, warnen vor, sich weigern.

    ⇒ As we talked about above, zu + infinitive can only replace the dass-clause when the subject is clear from the context.

All verbs that can be followed by a dass-clause:

  • glauben, denken, meinen, hoffen, wissen, entscheiden, scheinen,…

    Only when the subject is the same:
  • Ich hoffe, dass ich bald perfekt Deutsch spreche.“
  • Ich hoffe, bald perfekt Deutsch zu sprechen.“

    ⇒ Both are possible since the subject is the same.

  • Ich hoffe, dass du bald wieder zu Hause bist.“

    ⇒ Only the dass-clause is possible.

„Sein / „finden + adjective and „haben + noun:

  • Ich habe Lust, mit dir ins Kino zu gehen.“
  • „Ich finde es schwierig, die Deutsche Sprache zu lernen.“
  • Es ist einfach, einen Job in Deutschland zu finden.“

If the subject in the second half of the sentence is obvious, use infinitive with zu. If not, use a „dass-clause.

  • Ich finde es super, dir beim Deutsch lernen helfen zu können.“
  • Ich finde es super, dass ich dir beim Deutsch lernen helfen kann.“

In this case both are possible, because it's obvious that the subject is the same.

  • Ich finde es super, dass du mir beim Deutsch lernen hilfst.“

Here you have to use a dass-clause, since the subject is different in the two parts of the sentence.

Always Valid:

With „haben“/„sein“ + adjective + Infinitiv mit zu („dass- Clause“ almost never possible) // But with finden + adjective the „dass-Clause“ is mostly possible.

Recommendation: „dass - Clauses“ 

If you don't know exactly when to use an „dass - Clause“ and which verbs always come with a „dass -Clause“, I recommend you look at the lesson „dass Clause“.

Infinitive with Zu with Separable Verbs

With separable verbs, the „zu“ comes between the prefix and the main part of the verb. It is all written together as one word.

Examples:

  • „Ich versuche, die Tür abzuschließen.“
  • „Ich schlage vor, morgen sehr früh aufzustehen.“
  • „Es ist schwierig, bei Lärm einzuschlafen.“

Verbs that don't use Infinitiv mit Zu

Some verbs require a second verb but DON'T use infinitive with zu. Instead, they use sentence brackets / Satzklammern.

This includes all German Modal Verbs, as well as „gehen“, „fahren“, „bleiben“, „lassen“, „sehen“ and „hören“.

Helping verbs „haben“, „sein“ and „werden“ also don't use infinitive with zu (because they are used to create other German tenses).

Examples

  • „Ich soll heute noch Hausaufgaben machen.“ (modal verb ⇒ no infinitive + zu)
  • „Ich gehe morgen mit meinem Bruder einkaufen.“ ("gehen" ⇒ no infinitive + zu)
  • „Ich lasse mein Auto in der Werkstatt reparieren.“  ("lassen" ⇒ no infinitive + zu)
  • „Ich werde morgen zum ersten Mal in die Schule gehen.“ (helping verb ⇒ no infinitive + zu)
  • „Ich sehe in der Nacht die Sterne am Himmel leuchten.“ ("sehen" ⇒ no infinitive + zu)

Word Order

Infinitive clauses are subordinate clauses, so the verb goes at the end.

  • „Ich fange morgen an,  Deutsch zu lernen.“

The infinitive clauses must come after the main clause. IC + MC isn't possible.

The infinitive clause should be separated from the main clause with a comma, but it isn't a must.

Summary

  • Infinitive clauses are subordinate clauses.
  • Infinitive with zu is used when the verb is directly related to a second action (Alternative: for some verbs a dass-clause is used).
  • This applies to all verbs except: modal verbs, gehen, fahren, bleiben, kommen, lassen, sehen, and hören.
  • Because there is no subject in an infinitive clause, it only works when the subject in the alternative dass-clause is obvious.
  • The separation between the two clauses with a comma is not obligatory but recommended.

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Related Topics:

The Infinitiv mit zu (Infinitive Clauses) is also used in Infinitivkonstruktionen (Infinitive Construction).
Infinitiv mit zu (Infinitive Clauses) belong to the Nebensätzen (Subordinate clauses). Other subordinate clauses are:

Subordinate Clauses include:

More information on Sentence Structure and Word order: Satzbau


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